iranian culture and persian literature

Iranian philosophia in ancient era(1000BC - 1000 AD) officially started in  1000BC by Zoroaster(Zarathushtra).but the older part of Avesta wich named Older Avesta (Avesta’ye kohan: in Persian) prove that Iranian philosophia is older than it,and also some aspect of it is well known in Iranian mythology.
 the Ancient Iranian Philosophia has to great conflicts:’Alexander the great and Arab conquest’ and many of persian books and texts were lost in those two evidents.and many of Greek Historians like Strabon and Ctesias pointed to it.they revealed that many of persian books falled in the fire by Alexander and some of the others were Translated to Greek.and also many Persian books Like Ayinname , Zige Shahryar and other numbers were Translated to Arabic by same Muslim Iranians.
 
Iranian Philosophers in Ancient era (1000BC-1000AD):

1.Zarathushtra (Zoroaster)

2.Jamasp the wise man: he tought philosophia by Zarathushtra and passed his life in teaching the creation and goal of world.he also had a book named Jamasp-namag which is his teachings and speeches and after Islam it was translated to Arabic. 

3.Cyrus Spitaman : He was a famous Iranian Philosipher who was the teacher of  Democritos.His father was a spitaman man and from Spitaman family which Zarathushtra was also related to them, and  he worked in Persian Empire in Achaemenian Dynasty as a quasi - noble in Xerxes and Darius the Great.he well knew many language and for this Darius sent him to India asAmbassador and also he travelled to China but in  the Artaxerxes he sent to Greece, and he start the teaching in Athen.

4.Mani (Manichae): Iranian prophet who brought a new faith called Manichaeism that pointed to 2 divided creations brightness and darkness and sepatated good and bad from ech other,this believe is a Iranian pre-historical faith that the god is just created goodness but the satan and badness born from Darkness and missknowledge and it may lead people to darkness and sins.but his religion was based on both Abrahamic and Aryans religions.he also looked to equalation between people in base,and very respected to Arts.

 

6.Mazdak:mazdak pur Bamdad the Persian proto-Socialist born in 5^th century in Iran.he was a notable reformer ho suggested a new doctorine which limited religious leader,s hand on government.and also he consisted that all human are equalize and everyone should can to marry with his/her own choice.he planned to have all pivate confiscated,abd replace marriage with free love.

Mazdak emphasized goodness which  included a an ascetic life with no killing.also Mazdak teachings got si popular and can be understood as a call for social revolution,which is referred as early Communism(by:Rev Wherry in 1896).

Kavadh Iranian Emeror in Sassanid era followed them and Anoshiravan accepted reforms.but they were killed in Sassanid era after it and this protests was supressed.but it do not means to end of Mazdakism and his Tought went on even after Islam and Khorramites and their famous leader Babak(Persian hero and leader against Arabs) were Mazdakism followers.

 5.Zartosht Xorgan: (5^th century) in Roman he known as Bundes , born in Pasa ( today Fassa,in Iran) the Persian Pand Physician who travelled to many countries and land like India , Babylon , China,Greece and India to absorvation and learn more and then he was back to Persia and began to teaching logical sciences and Philosophia,His thoughts was more social and economical ,he tought Pohl the Persian , agreat Iranian philosopher in ancient era.

7.Burzoe: or Bozorgmehr,the son of Baxtakan the Great Iranian statement and philosopher and phisician in the sassanid era in 6^th  century.he also was the chancellor of Khosro Anoshiravan .his reforms and scientific works was deeply influenced in Eastern culture and the Eastern people always knew him as a man of wisedom and honour even after arab conquest of Persia,and many of his speeches and his advices was translated to Arabic and New Persian.like:Andarz-I Bozurgmehri Bakhtagan.he well known for his advices and sciences and he also wrote many books in Physician and Philosophia,but today they’re not compeletely remain.the book of Kalila and Dimna wich is translated to Arabic by Ibn Mukkafa(Ruzbe:Persian writer) was Burzoe’s book in origin.that book contains fables in which animals interact in complex ways to convey teaching to prince in policy.also he was the chess master and the Inventor of Backgammon,in an ancient book , Madigan-I Chatrang,it is explained that burzoe defeated Indian Chess masters and Brought there Nard(backgammon)game there wich was created by himself.

8.Pohl the PersianL(born in 6^th century) he was a persian Nestorian Christian who was the teacher of Anushiravan(empror of Persia) and the master in sciences.he knew greek sciences and philosophia.Pohl the Persian has written many books and some of them is remain today. One of them is a book in Musical science wich is translated to Arabic by Itzhak Henin.and also he had a Syriac book about his ideas and he has  written it to Anushiravan(Ibn-Muqaffa).this book today exists.he had another book that was the translation and introduction to Aristotle Dialectic book in Middle Persian.(Ebn-Arabi).he preffered human soul to body and consisted to ethics and knowledge.

  

9-Jurjis Buxtishu:the Iranian famous nestorian who was the one of the great Physician in East ,was tought in
Gundishapur Academy in Iran.

 

10-Masawaih:Another Iranian physician in Gundishahpur Academy.His father was Persian but his mother is known in some sources as Slavic.also he wrote many book in medical aspect such as Fever,malencholia,pains,diatetics andheadaches.

 

11-Djibril Buxtishu:another famous Iranian phisician and the son of Jurjis after Arab conquest of Persia.he was transferred from Ahwaz to Baghdad by Caliphate.

 

12.Ruzbe Daduyeh:Known as Ibn Muqaffa the Persian Historian and scieentist who wrote many books in Iranian mythology and Translated many middle Persian rich books to Arabic.he was from Goor,(today Firuzabad) in Fars state, next to Estaxr.he was killed because of His Faith(Zoroastrian,or,Manichaeism) when he was just in 35.in Iran he is known as a national hero.

 

13.Ibn Khordadbeh: one of the greatest scientist of Iran was a Zoroastrian Scientist and musician called Ibn khordadhbeh,he was born in khorasan and went to Baghdad to learn more.he has a great and usefull book in geographia (Msalik o mamalik=travellers and lands)he had wrote many books in Geographia, History,Music,literature.in one of his book(Malahi)he paid to pre-islamic music and lyric in Iran and iranian instruments.and he also has a book in cooking!and the other about Wine.some of his notable books Adab sema-tabix(in cooking)-sharab(wine)-alanwa(static stars)-Jumhara nasabi foras va nawaqil(about pre Islamic Iranians).

 

 Darius I the Iranian Persian Emperor

Darius I , the king of Persia(Iran) (522-486 BCE) in Achaemenian dynasty.he was probably the powerfullest king of Persia in 2500 years ago. he was the son of Hystaspes.his name is Today Persian is Daryush,in English:Darius,in Spanish and Italian:Dario, in Greek :Dereios,in Indian :Darayou,in Hebrew : Daryavush.
  He divided his empire into more than 20 satrapes(states) with self direction and deferences law.he made RAHE SHAHI or Royal road in Iran that connected Parse(his capital name) to Susa and from susa to Sard; and also he increased the Divani programs and bureaucracy in his Empire.His Army was so Powerfull and had multinations soldiers from Assyrian,Egeptian,Armenian,Indian ,Ionic ethnicity.
  
 Achaemenian Empire in greatest extent by Darius of Persia in 500 BC

    in his era he builed very wonderfull building and it’s largest project was Pasargad or Perspolis(today called Taxte jamshid in Iran) nearest today Shiraz in south of iran as his capital,this ancient great building is a royal town with high walls and beautifull arts that is a combination of Persian arts and the same Ionic,Armenian,Assyrian, Sardian,Elamite art and cultural elements.one of the wounderfullest parts is the exploration of more than 30000 little scroll that is used as wage of work to build up.in this scrolls you can sea some female names and it has revealed that in Ancient Persia women did work like men,their works was usually secretarial and supportive services and economical acts.
 Perspolis           

the Apadana castle in Susa his wice capital that is remain in today Cusistan(Xuzestan) nearest today Susa,his tomb is in a rock face ( called naqshe Rostam) next to his capital.
 but one of his wounderfullest buildings is in Egypt.he made a canal in the nile to Suez, in 500 BC.to ” connect the Nile river  to the sea who come from Persia”( it means persian gulf) it is written in a script on Canal of Suez.he ordered to gig a canal between Nile and Red sea.and wrote a script.it found by ferdinand auspess in 1866 when he was trying ro gig the canal of Suez and faced to a ancient rival.he was Darius the great of Persia. he revealed in his script:
      “I am a Persian,I have captured Egypt from Persia, I order to dig this canal a river named Nile that is in Egypt to a sea which come frome Persia.thus this canal get dug, and in that way wich I did command the ships moved frome Egypt to Persia.”
   Drius I script in Egypt              Tachar castle    parse
 also darius is known for his Behistoon scrip in western part of today Iran.it is the report of his power to supressing the enemies.it is chiseled in the rocks of Bistoon(Behistun) mountain.it is next to a ancient town with the same name.
                                                

his death  occured in 486 BCE ,his tomb is nearest to Shiraz ,people call his tomb “Naqshe Rostam.it is cut in a beautifull rock face as tou can see in below image.it is the tomb of ancient Iranian king.his empie was succeeded by his son Xerxes.

    Darius tomb                                       perspolis

 Mnichae (Mani) the painter prophet

manichaeism, (Ayine Mani=in Persian) the ancient religion founded by Manichae(216ACE) or Mani or Manes in Sasanid era.he was born in Ancient Persia in Assuristan and today Kurdistan.his father (Pattag or Fatak) was from Hmedan(Hegmatane) and his mother , Maryam, was of Kamarsaragan family and had a relationship with royal families of Parthia.he decided to guide people atfer a revelation reception from a spiritual source who he named it Soroush or Sizigos when he was joined in Gnostic and mystical populations.he regarded himself as the complementary of formers works.he believe to following the way of Seth ,Noah,Ibraham,Sem,Zoroaster,Bhudda,Jesus. Mani travelled to India and Central Asia and China,to propagandize his Faith.he was succeeded in his work too. he was supported by Shapour and wrote a book for him(Shapurgan) but in the other times he and his followers was hurted by religious governing body and he was killed in the prison on Ctesiphon.
 the single Manichaeism Temple in China  

   a Manichaeism  paper in Sogdian language       

He believed the dualists between Light and Darkness. light was the source of Goodness, and darkness was the source of bad things.they are Fighting and we are the Fighters but at the end of fight ,light will defeat the darkness and the world will be Heaven.

his philosophia was the combination between Zoroastrianism Mazdaeism and Iranian thoughts with semitic religions elements.he painted his books and draw his teaching chapters on the paper for uneducated people thus he is also known as Painter Prophet.he had close ten books in Persian and Assyrian.Shapurgan and Arzhang are his famous books.he also wrote Razan , Niyan zendegan , Cavan.the other Manichaeism books are founded in Uyghuristan(Tsin kiang of China) ,Egypt,Iran,Central Asia.
 Manichaeism Art.

    some historians believe Manichae and his art in Painting was the reson of succeesfully acception in China,but some other believe Manichaeism art was the factor in chineese Art ,specially in painting,however Manichae’s faith was accepted through the ancient world and it had some element like commonism,Hillary of Poitiers reported that Manichaeism is so popular in south of France in 381 AD it arrived at egypt in 250 AD an also in Rome at 280 AD.it was accepted so fast in formers and ordinary people but after Islam arriving and the religious goverment in europe and Roma it was faded in the world and were limited in some parts of the east.from the famous Manichaeist St Agoustine and Khwaje Rashid Fazlolla are well known.